{"id":4459,"date":"2026-10-11T01:55:09","date_gmt":"2026-10-11T01:55:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/?p=4459"},"modified":"2026-10-11T01:55:41","modified_gmt":"2026-10-11T01:55:41","slug":"zhong-guo-jian-zhu-xiang-zheng","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/chinese-symbolism-in-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u570b\u5efa\u7bc9\u4e2d\u7684\u8c61\u5fb5\uff1a\u5c4b\u9802\u3001\u984f\u8272\u8207\u9580"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4459\" class=\"elementor elementor-4459\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc18d7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"adc18d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e01c71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e01c71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Quick Answer: What Does Symbolism Mean in Chinese Architecture?<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"p1\">Symbolism in traditional Chinese architecture expresses social order, rank, religious beliefs and auspicious wishes through space, construction and decoration. These meanings often accompany practical functions.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Layout:<\/strong> Axes and successive courtyards can distinguish public ceremony, household hierarchy and private life.<\/li><li><strong>Roofs:<\/strong> Roof forms, bracket sets and ridge figures can indicate status within a particular building tradition.<\/li><li><strong>Colors and numbers:<\/strong> Court regulations and cosmological associations shape some palettes and counts.<\/li><li><strong>Entrances:<\/strong> Gates, screen walls and guardians mark boundaries, control access and express protective beliefs.<\/li><li><strong>Ornament:<\/strong> Carvings, latticework and inscriptions communicate wishes, stories or a building&#8217;s purpose.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"p1\">Read each feature through the building&#8217;s date, region, original function and position. There is no universal decoding chart, and symbolic protection does not establish supernatural power.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06679af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"06679af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af274a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2af274a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">A palace roof, a courtyard doorway and a garden window can express very different ideas, even when they share colors or motifs. Chinese symbolism in architecture connects the way a building works with the social, ritual and artistic world that produced it. This guide follows visible features from layout to ornament, using the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, Suzhou gardens and Fujian homes to show how context changes interpretation. For the wider framework, see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-symbols-and-meanings\/\">Chinese symbols and meanings<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>How Do Layout and Courtyards Express Social Order?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Layout makes relationships visible: who occupies the main position, who approaches it, and which spaces remain private. Symmetry alone is insufficient evidence; circulation and use explain what the arrangement accomplishes.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Axes, Orientation and the Position of the Main Hall<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">In many imperial and ceremonial complexes, a north\u2013south axis organizes principal halls, gates and courts. Buildings on that axis receive visual emphasis, while subsidiary structures frame their approaches. Beijing&#8217;s central axis embodies an ideal of ordered capital planning, bringing ceremonial and administrative spaces into a larger urban sequence.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Forbidden City makes this hierarchy especially legible. Successive gateways and broad courts prepare an approach toward the principal audience halls. The arrangement coordinates movement and separates functions as well as emphasizing authority. It does not mean that every important building stands at the geographical center.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A south-facing main hall also answers environmental needs, including winter sunlight in northern China. Orientation therefore has social and practical dimensions. Topography, street patterns, climate and local building traditions can produce other arrangements; a different compass direction does not make a building culturally incorrect.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Courtyards, Family Hierarchy and Privacy<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">A Beijing siheyuan (\u56db\u5408\u9662, s\u00ech\u00e9yu\u00e0n) is a residence organized around a courtyard enclosed by buildings on four sides. Larger compounds add successive courts, creating a progression from entrance and reception toward more private family spaces.<sup>[2]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In a common traditional arrangement, the northern main rooms face south and accommodate senior family members. Eastern and western wings house younger generations; southern, north-facing rooms may serve attendants or other secondary uses. Room placement connects comfort with seniority, although actual occupation changes with household circumstances.<sup>[2]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Notice the thresholds between courts, not just the central open space. A gate or partition can separate visitors from domestic routines without enclosing every room individually. This northern residential model is a useful example of family order, rather than a floor plan for all Chinese homes.<\/p>\n\n<h2>What Can Roofs, Brackets and Ridge Figures Tell You?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Read a roof in three layers: its construction, its overall form, and the figures attached to it. Each contributes different evidence about the building.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Curved Eaves and Dougong: Function Before Symbolism<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Dougong (\u6597\u6831, d\u01d2ug\u01d2ng) are interlocking bracket sets used within traditional timber construction. They sit above columns and at other supporting positions, helping transfer loads and support projecting eaves.<sup>[20]<\/sup> Columns, beams and brackets belong to an assembled wooden framework, not merely an ornamental shell.<sup>[3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Deep eaves shelter walls and openings from rain and sun. Roof slopes and corner profiles also create a distinctive silhouette, but their curves vary by region, period and construction system. Explaining every upturned corner as a device to repel spirits overlooks this diversity and the craft involved.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Bracket sets can nevertheless communicate status. Their scale, arrangement and decorative treatment belong to specific architectural conventions; later official buildings may use them with a stronger ornamental role. A modern replica can reproduce their appearance without reproducing the original load-bearing system. Look for structural context before treating elaborate brackets as a reliable measure of historical rank. Compare bracket sets on buildings from the same period and tradition, rather than ranking a medieval temple against a modern palace replica.<sup>[20]<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n<h3>Roof Types, Ridge Animals and Building Rank<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Several roof terms help distinguish forms without assigning every roof one universal rank:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Wudian (\u5e91\u6bbf, w\u01d4di\u00e0n):<\/strong> A hipped roof with slopes on all four sides.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xieshan (\u6b47\u5c71, xi\u0113sh\u0101n):<\/strong> A roof combining upper gables with lower hipped slopes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xuanshan (\u60ac\u5c71, xu\u00e1nsh\u0101n):<\/strong> A gabled roof projecting beyond the end walls.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Yingshan (\u786c\u5c71, y\u00ecngsh\u0101n):<\/strong> A gabled roof whose ends meet the gable walls.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Ming\u2013Qing official architecture, roof form and single or double eaves contribute to a hierarchy of prestige. The double-eaved hipped roof of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is a prominent high-status example. A double-eaved roof has two tiers of eaves; it need not mean two occupied floors.<sup>[4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Small figures along sloping roof ridges form another status clue. In the Forbidden City, their number varies with the importance of the building: the Hall of Supreme Harmony has ten small animals. The leading rider on a bird is additional and is not included in that ten. Large ornaments at the ends of the main ridge are a separate category.<sup>[5]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Ridge figures combine decoration, construction details and traditional protective associations. Their sequence should be checked against the particular building; they are neither a standard zodiac set nor a scale of increasingly powerful protection.<\/p>\n\n<h2>What Do Colors and Numbers Mean in Chinese Buildings?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Court color systems can draw on Wuxing (\u4e94\u884c, w\u01d4x\u00edng), the Five Phases: wood, fire, earth, metal and water. A documented connection between color and function is stronger evidence than assigning an element to every painted surface.<\/p>\n<div style=\"overflow-x:auto; max-width:100%; max-height:800px;\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Building context<\/th><th>Supported interpretation<\/th><th>Interpretation limit<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td>Yellow glazed tiles<\/td><td>Principal Forbidden City halls<\/td><td>Imperial prestige; yellow&#8217;s association with earth and centrality<\/td><td>Permissions depend on period and building type<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Red walls and painted timber<\/td><td>Palace ensembles<\/td><td>Ceremonial distinction and associations with fire<\/td><td>Red also appears outside imperial architecture<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Black glazed tiles<\/td><td>Wenyuan library in the Forbidden City<\/td><td>Water imagery associated with overcoming fire and protecting books<\/td><td>A protective belief, not a fireproofing technology<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td>Repeated nine-related counts<\/td><td>Temple of Heaven&#8217;s Circular Mound<\/td><td>Heaven-related ritual numerology<\/td><td>Not a rule for counting features on every building<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\">The palace palette and the library&#8217;s deliberately different scheme show why function matters.<sup>[5][6]<\/sup> Yellow tiles do not establish that any building was an emperor&#8217;s residence, and a black roof does not generally identify a library. The history behind <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/imperial-colors-chinese-culture\/\">imperial colors<\/a> includes privileges and exceptions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Likewise, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/number-9-meaning-chinese-culture\/\">the number nine<\/a> has several cultural associations. At a sacrificial altar, its relationship to heaven and ritual order matters more than a modern interpretation of lucky numbers. Count comparable features and identify the design phase before drawing conclusions.<sup>[7]<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n<h2>What Do Gates, Screen Walls and Guardian Figures Mean?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">An entrance establishes a boundary through both physical barriers and visual signals. A monumental gate announces a different kind of access from an ordinary house door.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">An yingbi (\u5f71\u58c1, y\u01d0ngb\u00ec), or screen wall, is a separate wall placed opposite or beside a gateway. Inside an entrance it interrupts direct views into the courtyard; outside it can define an approach or guide movement. Glazed tiles and carvings can turn that practical surface into an elaborate display.<sup>[8]<\/sup> Protective explanations associated with some walls belong to folk belief, rather than demonstrated effects on fortune.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Gate width, architectural form and rows of door studs can help identify status in particular official building systems. These clues require the correct period and site records: there is no single count-to-rank chart valid for every surviving Chinese doorway.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-guardian-lions\/\">Guardian lions<\/a> frame important entrances and express authority and protective wishes. In a common later pairing, the male has a ball and the female a cub. Viewed from outside facing the entrance, the male commonly stands on the visitor&#8217;s right, the female on the left. A documented Qing pair follows this arrangement; it is not an exceptionless rule.<sup>[9]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A paifang (\u724c\u574a, p\u00e1if\u0101ng) is a freestanding ceremonial archway used to mark a place or commemorate people, achievements or approved virtues. Read its inscription to understand its particular message. Its resemblance to a gateway does not make it a domestic entrance, and an honorific monument may reflect historical social values that need explanation today.<\/p>\n\n<h2>How Do Carvings, Latticework and Inscriptions Carry Meaning?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Architectural ornament can convey a wish through recognizable images or words. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/bat-symbolism-chinese-culture\/\">Bat imagery<\/a> uses the shared Mandarin pronunciation f\u00fa of \u8760, bat, and \u798f, blessing. Peaches draw on longevity traditions; together, bats and peaches can express blessings joined with long life.<sup>[10]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A ruyi (\u5982\u610f, r\u00fay\u00ec), meaning \u201cas you wish,\u201d lends its cloudlike head to decorative borders. A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/ruyi-symbol-meaning\/\">ruyi-shaped motif<\/a> can suggest fulfillment of wishes, but should be distinguished from a complete handheld ruyi object. Continuous floral scrolls add a flowing composition, while the identifiable flower contributes its own associations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Window latticework first organizes an opening: it supports a patterned framework and admits light and, where openings allow, air. A geometric arrangement may create rhythm without forming a pictorial pun. Identify an actual character, plant or conventional motif before assigning a blessing.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Plaques and paired inscriptions often provide more direct evidence. They can name a hall, state a dedication, evoke a poem or describe the owner&#8217;s aspirations. Check whether the text belongs to the original building or a later renovation. For visual distinctions between borders and individual motifs, use the guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-patterns-and-motifs\/\">Chinese patterns and motifs<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Why Must Religious and Imperial Ritual Buildings Be Read Differently?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Identify the institution and the object of worship before interpreting shared decorative vocabulary. Similar roofs do not make two buildings members of the same religious tradition.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Temple of Heaven served imperial sacrifices to heaven and prayers for harvests. Its forms express the emperor&#8217;s ritual relationship with heaven and political legitimacy. It is an imperial sacrificial complex, rather than an ordinary Buddhist monastery or Daoist temple; this distinction does not mean its ceremonies lacked religious significance.<sup>[11]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Buddhist settings, images of Buddhas, dedication texts and ritual arrangements help explain motifs such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/lotus-meaning-chinese-culture\/\">lotus<\/a> and panchang (\u76d8\u957f, p\u00e1nch\u00e1ng), the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/endless-knot-chinese-culture\/\">endless knot<\/a>. Neither motif alone identifies a whole building as Buddhist.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Daoist temples may include bagua (\u516b\u5366, b\u0101gu\u00e0), the Eight Trigrams, alongside deity images and ritual inscriptions. Cranes and gourds can accompany Daoist themes but also appear in secular longevity art. An ancestral hall instead centers lineage commemoration and family ritual. In each case, the strongest evidence is the building&#8217;s documented use, named dedication and complete imagery, rather than an isolated decorative symbol.<\/p>\n\n<h2>How Do Gardens and Regional Homes Change the Picture?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Palace architecture provides one powerful model. Gardens and communal homes reveal other relationships between built space, cultural ideals and daily needs.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Suzhou Gardens: Literary Retreat and Composed Views<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Classical Suzhou gardens recreate aspects of landscape within enclosed urban space. Water, rocks, plants and buildings form carefully composed scenes linked with poetry, painting and cultivated retreat.<sup>[12]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A window can frame a view; a winding path can reveal it gradually; a distant feature can be incorporated as borrowed scenery. These techniques organize a viewer&#8217;s experience rather than requiring the strict symmetry of a ceremonial court. Individual halls may still have orderly, axial arrangements.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Names and inscriptions connect scenery with a literary life. The Humble Administrator&#8217;s Garden takes its name from an allusion to Pan Yue&#8217;s writing about retirement and managing a garden, giving the landscape a specific cultural frame.<sup>[13]<\/sup> Rocks or ponds alone cannot establish that all garden owners intended the same philosophical message. Read the composed view together with its text and history.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Fujian Tulou: Community, Defense and Local Context<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Fujian tulou (\u571f\u697c, t\u01d4l\u00f3u) are substantial earthen communal dwellings associated with both Hakka and Minnan traditions.<sup>[14]<\/sup> Thick outer walls, controlled access and inward-facing courtyards answer defensive and residential needs, while shared spaces express community organization.<sup>[15]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Tianluokeng group contains three circular buildings, one oval building and one square building.<sup>[16]<\/sup> Shape alone does not explain the community&#8217;s social arrangements. Historical feng shui (\u98ce\u6c34, f\u0113ngshu\u01d0), or geomantic planning, also forms part of the documented relationship between tulou and their landscape.<sup>[15]<\/sup> Acknowledging that cultural history does not establish supernatural protection or reduce the buildings to cosmological diagrams.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Two Worked Examples: Imperial Rank and Heaven Worship<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">These examples combine observable features with documented purposes. An interpretation becomes stronger when independent clues support the same conclusion.<\/p>\n\n<h3>The Hall of Supreme Harmony: Reading Rank Through Several Features<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Start with the Hall of Supreme Harmony&#8217;s setting: it occupies a commanding position in the Forbidden City&#8217;s ceremonial sequence. Its double-eaved hipped roof, yellow tiles and raised, three-tiered marble platform reinforce the effect of prominence.<sup>[17]<\/sup> The ten small ridge animals add another signal of exceptional status.<sup>[4][5]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Then check function. The hall hosted major ceremonies, including enthronements and formal celebrations. Its architectural prominence corresponds to that ceremonial role; it should not simply be imagined as the emperor&#8217;s everyday office.<sup>[17]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The combined reading is imperial authority expressed through controlled approach, elevation and architectural distinction. None of those clues alone establishes an identical meaning elsewhere. The present hall reflects Qing rebuilding in the late seventeenth century, following earlier destruction, so its surviving fabric must be distinguished from the site&#8217;s Ming beginnings.<sup>[18]<\/sup> <\/p>\n\n<h3>The Temple of Heaven: Reading Form Through Ritual Purpose<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">At the Circular Mound, observe three circular terraces and the deliberate numerical organization of the altar. Nine recurs in its dimensions and components. The enclosing layout also uses rounded northern corners and squared southern corners, expressing the historical conception of round heaven and square earth.<sup>[7]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Next distinguish the ceremonies: the Circular Mound hosted winter-solstice sacrifices to heaven; the northern Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests served the grain prayer in the first lunar month. Its circular form and blue roof contribute further heaven-related imagery.<sup>[19]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Here the strong interpretation is a ritual relationship between the emperor, heaven and the agricultural year. Circle, color and count support it because the ceremonial purpose is documented. The same reasoning cannot be transferred automatically to a round communal house, blue domestic tiles or an unrelated flight of steps.<\/p>\n\n<h2>How to Interpret Chinese Architecture Without Overreading It<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Use this sequence when reading a building, photograph or restoration description:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Establish date and use:<\/strong> Identify the building&#8217;s construction or rebuilding period, region, original function and institutional setting.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Separate structure from ornament:<\/strong> Locate load-bearing members, roof form and applied decoration. Consider what each feature physically does.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Examine position and combinations:<\/strong> Follow the approach, distinguish principal and subsidiary spaces, and count comparable figures within the complete design.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check texts and records:<\/strong> Consult plaques, inscriptions, heritage descriptions and building histories before applying a motif dictionary.<\/li>\n<li><strong>State the evidence level:<\/strong> Distinguish documented regulations from traditional beliefs, plausible interpretations and modern marketing claims.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\">For a replica or converted building, ask which features were retained and which functions changed. A restaurant with a palace-style roof may quote historical prestige without inheriting imperial status. A restored ancestral hall may preserve lineage imagery while accommodating new public uses.<\/p>\n\n<h2>FAQs About Chinese Symbolism in Architecture<\/h2>\n\n<h3>Why Do Traditional Chinese Roofs Curve Upward?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Their profiles reflect timber construction, sheltering eaves, regional craft and aesthetics. Curvature varies considerably. Protective folklore may accompany a roof, but \u201ckeeping spirits away\u201d is not a sufficient explanation for every upturned corner.<\/p>\n\n<h3>What Do the Animals on Chinese Roofs Mean?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">They can combine ornament, status signals and traditional protective associations. In Qing palace contexts, counts help distinguish building importance. The leading rider and large ridge-end figures must be counted separately; the animals are not a standard zodiac set.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Why Are Red and Yellow Common in Chinese Palaces?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">They belong to court palettes shaped by rank and cultural associations, including fire and earth in the Five Phases. Yellow glazed tiles strongly signal imperial prestige in appropriate contexts, but regulations and permissions varied.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Do All Traditional Chinese Buildings Face South?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">No. South-facing arrangements are common in important northern complexes, combining ceremonial convention with sunlight considerations. Terrain, climate, streets and regional traditions can change orientation, so compass direction alone does not establish a building&#8217;s meaning.<\/p>\n\n<h3>Is All Chinese Architecture Based on Feng Shui?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">No. Geomantic beliefs influenced some documented choices of site and layout, but function, materials, climate, craftsmanship and institutions also shaped buildings. A historical belief should neither be erased nor treated as proof of supernatural effects.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Sources<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">[1] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1714\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Beijing Central Axis: A Building Ensemble Exhibiting the Ideal Order of the Chinese Capital<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[2] Guo Zhidong, China Today. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinatoday.com.cn\/ctenglish\/2018\/cs\/201902\/t20190222_800157542.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Beijing Quadrangle Courtyard<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[3] ChinaCulture.org. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.chinaculture.org\/2014-12\/10\/content_584318.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinese Traditional Architectural Craftsmanship for Timber-framed Structures<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[4] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/lemmas\/241868.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u91cd\u6a90\u5e91\u6bbf\u9876<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[5] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/forum_detail\/100133.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u5efa\u7b51\u7409\u7483\u6784\u4ef6\u4ef7\u503c\u63ed\u793a\u4e0e\u79d1\u6280\u4fdd\u62a4\u7814\u7a76<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[6] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/explore\/building\/236513.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u6587\u6e0a\u9601<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[7] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/uploads\/nominations\/881.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing \u2014 Nomination Documentation<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[8] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/lemmas\/241573.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u5f71\u58c1<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[9] Field Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/chinahall.fieldmuseum.org\/introduction\/lion-statues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lion Statues<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[10] SFO Museum and Asian Art Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfomuseum.org\/exhibitions\/hidden-meanings-symbolism-chinese-art-collections-asian-art-museum-san-francisco-chong\/gallery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hidden Meanings: Symbolism in Chinese Art<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[11] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[12] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/813\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Classical Gardens of Suzhou<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[13] Suzhou Gardens and Landscaping Administration. <a href=\"https:\/\/ylj.suzhou.gov.cn\/szsylj\/ylwh\/201911\/b852c23fcc704e738e1f59f22ac3ce06.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u738b\u6c0f\u62d9\u653f\u56ed\u8bb0<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[14] Fujian Provincial Government. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fujian.gov.cn\/zwgk\/ztzl\/gjcjgxgg\/xld\/202506\/t20250605_6921757.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u571f\u697c\u6d3b\u5316\u7684\u201c\u5b88\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u53d8\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[15] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1113\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fujian Tulou<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[16] Fujian Provincial Department of Civil Affairs. <a href=\"https:\/\/mzt.fujian.gov.cn\/gk\/wpldq\/202511\/t20251110_7031782.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u798f\u5730\u6709\u798f | \u697c\u7fa4\u5947\u89c2<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[17] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/explore\/building\/236465.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u592a\u548c\u6bbf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[18] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/subject_600\/buildingdetails\/253792.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u91cd\u5efa\u592a\u548c\u6bbf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[19] Temple of Heaven Park. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiantanpark.cn\/scenic_spot_list_g7yU_98.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u5feb\u901f\u6e38\u89c8\u8def\u7ebf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[20] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/architectural_art\/246282.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u6597\u6831\u5343\u5343\u4e07<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u570b\u5efa\u7bc9\u5982\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u5c4b\u9802\u3001\u5ead\u9662\u3001\u8272\u5f69\u8207\u9580\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u7b49\u7d1a\u3001\u79ae\u5236\u8207\u5409\u7965\u9858\u671b\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u771f\u5be6\u5efa\u7bc9\u4f5c\u70ba\u8108\u7d61\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4447,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[252],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-4459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chinese-symbols-meanings","tag-patterns-and-decorative-motifs"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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