{"id":3891,"date":"2026-09-05T06:15:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T06:15:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/?p=3891"},"modified":"2026-09-05T06:18:49","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T06:18:49","slug":"zhongguo-wenhua-mudan-yiyi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/peony-meaning-chinese-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u7261\u4e39\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u8c61\u5fb5\u8207\u8ff7\u601d"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3891\" class=\"elementor elementor-3891\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc18d7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"adc18d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e01c71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e01c71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Quick Answer: What Does the Peony Symbolize in Chinese Culture?<\/span><\/h2><p class=\"p1\">Mudan (\u7261\u4e39, m\u01d4d\u0101n), the Chinese tree peony, can symbolize wealth and rank, high social standing, courtly splendor, flourishing prosperity, and magnificent beauty. These associations grew from Tang court taste and expanded through later painting and decorative art. They are starting points, not a fixed definition.<\/p><ul><li>In courtly and auspicious art, peony may evoke status, power, prosperity, or a peaceful age.<\/li><li>In poetry and figure painting, its lush appearance may suggest glamorous or sensuous beauty.<\/li><li>In seasonal art, it can simply mark late spring.<\/li><li>In a flower study or patterned scroll, its main role may be naturalistic or decorative.<\/li><li>In wedding objects, peony may add a wish for a prosperous household, but it is not automatically a love symbol.<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"p1\">A peony image is therefore best read through its date, medium, inscription, companion motifs, and original use. Its positive meanings are cultural metaphors and traditional wishes; the flower does not produce wealth, romance, promotion, or good luck.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06679af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"06679af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af274a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2af274a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">A hanging scroll of peonies attributed to a follower of Yun Shouping celebrates color, fragrance, and painterly lineage. A Ming tapestry pairing the same flower with a phoenix creates a more specific message of wealth and nobility. The plant has not changed, but the image&#8217;s grammar has.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">This contrast is the key to peony symbolism. Chinese art does not work like a permanent flower dictionary. A court picture, a scholar&#8217;s fan, a molded porcelain scroll, and a wedding textile can use a similar bloom for different purposes. The wider system is explained in our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-flower-plant-symbolism\/\">Chinese flower and plant symbolism<\/a>, while the companion <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-flower-symbols\/\">Chinese flower symbols guide<\/a> compares peony with lotus, plum, orchid, and other flowers.<\/p><h2>Mudan, Tree Peony, and Shaoyao: What Is the Difference?<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">English uses \u201cpeony\u201d for a whole genus, but traditional Chinese naming distinguishes two forms that an English label may blur.<\/p><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; max-width: 100%; max-height: 800px;\"><table><thead><tr class=\"header\"><th>Term<\/th><th>Plant form<\/th><th>Art-historical use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr class=\"odd\"><td>Mudan, or tree peony<\/td><td>A woody shrub whose framework remains above ground after its leaves fall<\/td><td>The flower most strongly associated with Tang court fashion and later titles of rank, splendor, and prosperity<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"even\"><td>Shaoyao (\u828d\u836f, sh\u00e1oy\u00e0o), or herbaceous peony<\/td><td>A nonwoody perennial whose above-ground growth dies back seasonally<\/td><td>A related flower with its own long literary and artistic history; it can share associations of beauty or wealth in particular later works<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"p1\">Modern taxonomy adds another caution. The familiar cultivated tree peony is not best treated as one untouched wild species: Kew accepts Paeonia \u00d7 suffruticosa as a hybrid shrub associated with several Chinese tree-peony ancestors.<sup>[1]<\/sup> That is why this article uses \u201ctree peony\u201d as a cultural and horticultural group rather than making every historical image a precise species identification.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The distinction also prevents a false symbolic rule. A Qing fan titled Herbaceous Peony is explicitly catalogued as shaoyao, yet its museum interpretation still connects the lush flower with wealth and seductive beauty.<sup>[2]<\/sup> Mudan carries the stronger conventional status symbolism, but plant category alone does not settle an artwork&#8217;s meaning. When a stylized image is uncertain, follow the Chinese title, inscription, and museum catalogue instead of guessing from petal shape.<\/p><h2>Why Did the Peony Become a Symbol of Wealth, Rank, and Power?<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">The peony did not acquire status symbolism from a mystical property. Its large flowers, layered petals, intense colors, and brief but spectacular bloom fitted the visual language of display. In the Tang dynasty, court patronage and urban enthusiasm made it a prestigious seasonal flower. Later artists and craftspeople turned that prestige into a flexible image of rank, prosperity, and social distinction.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Several traditional titles preserve the connection: King of Flowers (\u82b1\u738b, hu\u0101w\u00e1ng), Flower of Wealth and Rank (\u5bcc\u8d35\u82b1, f\u00f9gu\u00echu\u0101), and National Beauty and Heavenly Fragrance (\u56fd\u8272\u5929\u9999, gu\u00f3s\u00e8 ti\u0101nxi\u0101ng). A museum record for a seventeenth- to eighteenth-century peony painting links the flower with Tang court favor, status, and power, while presenting the Wu Zetian banishment story explicitly as legend.<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p><p class=\"p1\">\u201cWealth and rank\u201d is broader than cash. The Chinese idea of f\u00f9gu\u00ec joins material ease with standing, honor, and an elevated life. A peony on a reception object may therefore suggest a flourishing household or distinguished position without promising financial gain. Likewise, a courtly composition can project the prosperity of a reign rather than the private fortune of its owner. This is one example of why the broader system of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-symbols-and-meanings\/\">Chinese symbols and meanings<\/a> must be read through context rather than one-word equations.<\/p><h2>How Peony Symbolism Changed Across Chinese History<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">Peony meaning accumulated in layers. Tang enthusiasm did not disappear when Song writers classified flowers, and naturalistic painting did not vanish when auspicious decoration became popular. Different uses continued beside one another.<\/p><h3>Tang Peonies: Court Splendor and Urban Fashion<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">The Tang dynasty was the decisive period for the peony&#8217;s cultural fame. Court gardens prized tree peonies, but poems also show a wider urban spectacle rather than an amusement sealed inside the palace. Liu Yuxi called peony the \u201ctrue national beauty\u201d whose flowering stirred the capital. Bai Juyi described nobles, officials, temples, and townspeople absorbed by the short season, then turned the craze into criticism of a society that valued dazzling display over substance.<sup>[4][5]<\/sup><\/p><p class=\"p1\">That distinction matters. Tang peony poetry can celebrate color, luxury, spring crowds, or feminine beauty, but it can also question extravagance. \u201cNational beauty\u201d in a poem means peerless beauty; it is not evidence that the Tang state legally designated a national flower. Nor does a comparison between peony and a beautiful woman make every later peony a romance symbol.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The famous story that Empress Wu ordered every flower to bloom in winter and banished the disobedient peony to Luoyang belongs to legend. It helped explain both the flower&#8217;s proud character and Luoyang&#8217;s reputation, but it should not be narrated as a documented imperial event.<\/p><h3>Song Luoyang: Classification and Literati Appreciation<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">Song writers treated peony as an object of observation, classification, collecting, and social history. Ouyang Xiu&#8217;s Record of the Peonies of Luoyang divides its subject into notable varieties, the origins of their names, and local customs. He records twenty-four selected kinds and explains how Luoyang people, so devoted to the flower, could call it simply \u201cthe flower.\u201d<sup>[6]<\/sup><\/p><p class=\"p1\">This is more than a list of cultivars. The text describes viewing, gifting, cultivation, urban taste, and the way reputation is made. It shows peony moving between garden knowledge, elite connoisseurship, and public custom. Song flower painting also ranged from close description to personal expression, so a painted peony might display observational skill or artistic lineage without spelling an auspicious wish.<\/p><h3>Yuan to Qing: Decorative Art and Auspicious Expansion<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">From the Yuan through the Qing, peony became common across porcelain, lacquer, textiles, carving, and architecture as well as painting. A molded peony scroll could organize the surface of a vase; a cut branch could act as a seasonal flower study; a multi-element design could convey an auspicious phrase. Studies of Chinese flower painting also show that stylized peony designs could borrow from older lotus-scroll structures, so botanical realism is not always the designer&#8217;s main concern.<sup>[7]<\/sup><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Later auspicious use did not erase earlier modes. A Qing scholar could paint peony for brushwork and beauty while a workshop placed peony beside other motifs to communicate prosperity. The correct question is not \u201cWhat did peony mean in the Qing?\u201d but \u201cWhat job does this peony perform on this object?\u201d<\/p><h2>Common Peony Motifs and Their Meanings in Chinese Art<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">The table gives a first reading, not a universal code. Inscription, use, and date can still revise it.<\/p><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; max-width: 100%; max-height: 800px;\"><table><thead><tr class=\"header\"><th>Motif<\/th><th>Leading reading<\/th><th>Evidence needed<\/th><th>Do not assume<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr class=\"odd\"><td>Single peony or cut spray<\/td><td>Flower study, late spring, beauty, or painterly expression<\/td><td>Title, inscription, artist, and genre<\/td><td>Automatic wealth or marriage<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"even\"><td>Stylized peony scroll<\/td><td>Surface design, workshop pattern, sometimes prosperity<\/td><td>Medium, production context, and catalogue identification<\/td><td>Every repeated bloom spells a wish<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"odd\"><td>Peony with phoenix<\/td><td>Wealth and nobility; in a larger courtly scene, peace and prosperity<\/td><td>Phoenix identification and complete composition<\/td><td>A generic love motif<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"even\"><td>Magnolia, crabapple, and peony<\/td><td>Yutang Fugui (\u7389\u5802\u5bcc\u8d35, y\u00f9t\u00e1ng f\u00f9gu\u00ec), a wish for an eminent and prosperous household<\/td><td>All three plants or an authoritative title<\/td><td>One flower carries the whole phrase<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><h3>Single Blooms, Peony Sprays, and Peony Scrolls<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">A single bloom does not activate every traditional association at once. In a hanging scroll or fan, peony may be a vehicle for color, brush control, seasonal observation, or a poem. The viewer should look for an inscription, the artist&#8217;s known practice, and whether the work belongs to naturalistic, court, professional, or literati painting.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Decorative peony scrolls require a different reading. Repeated blossoms and curling stems can fill a ceramic or textile surface with rhythm. Their luxurious appearance may suit prosperous settings, but some examples are best described as an established ornament rather than a sentence written in pictures. Calling every peony scroll a wealth charm replaces object history with modern marketing.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The same caution applies to count and direction. One, two, or many blossoms may solve a compositional problem; flowers may face different ways to animate a curved vessel. No single historical system assigns fortune by peony number or orientation across Chinese painting, porcelain, embroidery, and architecture.<\/p><h3>Peony and Phoenix: Wealth, Nobility, and Peaceful Rule<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">Peony and phoenix form one of the clearest compound motifs. A Ming tapestry in the National Museum of Asian Art pairs the \u201cking of birds\u201d with an effulgent tree peony and identifies the combination with wealth and nobility.<sup>[8]<\/sup> In larger compositions, clouds, mountains, waves, lingzhi, dragons, or garden rocks can broaden the image toward righteous rule, peace, and prosperity.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The phoenix supplies meanings that peony cannot carry alone. It can signal virtue, good government, or an auspicious age; peony adds flourishing splendor and rank. Readers can explore that half of the composition in the guide to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-phoenix-meaning\/\">Chinese phoenix<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The pairing was important in court and luxury art, but it was not legally confined to the palace. Workshops and later popular decorative arts also used phoenix-and-peony designs. Nor should a Chinese composition be interpreted through a Japanese peacock-and-peony picture or a Korean phoenix motif without evidence connecting their conventions.<\/p><h3>Yutang Fugui and Other Compound Flower Designs<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">Yutang Fugui (\u7389\u5802\u5bcc\u8d35, y\u00f9t\u00e1ng f\u00f9gu\u00ec), roughly \u201cJade Hall and Wealth and Rank,\u201d demonstrates how several flowers can build one phrase. Magnolia contributes y\u00f9, \u201cjade\u201d; crabapple, h\u01ceit\u00e1ng, supplies t\u00e1ng, \u201chall\u201d; and peony contributes the established idea of f\u00f9gu\u00ec, wealth and rank. A Qing imperial bowl combines peony, magnolia, birds, and other elements, and its catalogue identifies Yutang Fugui among the composition&#8217;s auspicious readings.<sup>[9]<\/sup><\/p><p class=\"p1\">The phrase depends on the full visual evidence. Magnolia alone does not mean Yutang Fugui, and a peony beside an unidentified pale flower does not prove the rebus. Some versions add longevity birds, rocks, butterflies, or a vase, creating further layers rather than one immutable formula.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">A vase may suggest peace because vase, p\u00edng, sounds like \u201cpeace,\u201d p\u00edng, in Mandarin, but that reading still needs an appropriate decorative context. Treat every added object as a clue to test, not permission to stack as many positive words as possible.<\/p><h2>Does the Peony Symbolize Love or Female Beauty?<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">Peony can suggest glamorous, sensuous, or courtly beauty, but love is not its default Chinese meaning. Tang poetry compares the flower&#8217;s color, fragrance, and luxuriant form with beautiful women and splendid dress. A later painting may use the same visual vocabulary to evoke feminine elegance. The Qing herbaceous-peony fan discussed earlier is a good warning against rigid categories: its museum label joins wealth with seductive beauty, even though it depicts shaoyao rather than mudan.<sup>[2]<\/sup><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Marriage is a narrower use. On documented wedding textiles, gifts, or domestic auspicious objects, peony can add a wish for a prosperous and beautiful household. Its meaning comes from that function and from its companions. Paired birds, double-happiness characters, or another recognized wedding motif may establish the marital setting. The separate history of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/mandarin-ducks-meaning\/\">mandarin ducks<\/a> also shows why paired animals must be read through their own context.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The title The Peony Pavilion does not turn every peony into a symbol of romantic destiny. It names a particular drama and its literary world. A plain peony scroll, museum flower study, or phoenix-peony tapestry should not be relabeled as love art merely because modern florists market peonies for weddings.<\/p><h2>Do Peony Colors Have Fixed Meanings in Chinese Culture?<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">No universal color code governs Chinese peony art. Red, pink, white, purple, and yellow blooms appear across court painting, naturalistic studies, textiles, and ceramics, but color does not carry the same meaning in every period or medium. The seventeenth- to eighteenth-century Smithsonian peony painting, for example, includes red, pink, white, and purple flowers in one composition; its interpretation emphasizes status, power, beauty, and fragrance rather than assigning a separate fortune to each color.<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Color can still matter locally. An inscription may praise a rare variety, a court workshop may favor a costly palette, or a modern wedding may choose red for a festive effect. Those are object- or occasion-specific decisions. Lists claiming that red always means love, white always means misfortune, or purple always belongs to royalty combine modern flower-gifting language with unsupported generalization. The same is true of fixed rules for the number of blossoms or the direction they face.<\/p><h2>What a Chinese Peony Symbol Does Not Automatically Mean<\/h2><div style=\"overflow-x: auto; max-width: 100%; max-height: 800px;\"><table><thead><tr class=\"header\"><th>Common claim<\/th><th>More accurate interpretation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr class=\"odd\"><td>Every peony means wealth<\/td><td>Status and prosperity are major associations, but a flower study, seasonal image, or decorative scroll may perform another job<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"even\"><td>Peony is China&#8217;s legally designated national flower<\/td><td>Peony is a prominent candidate and cultural emblem, but the People&#8217;s Republic of China has not legally settled on an official national flower<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"odd\"><td>Peony always means love or marriage<\/td><td>Romantic or marital meaning needs a literary, figural, wedding, or compound-motif context<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"even\"><td>Color, number, or direction determines luck<\/td><td>No cross-era system governs all Chinese peony images; such tables are largely modern commercial simplifications<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"odd\"><td>Wu Zetian&#8217;s banishment of peony is documented history<\/td><td>It is a famous legend, not a secure record of an imperial command<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"even\"><td>Commoners were forbidden to use peony<\/td><td>Peony appeared widely in later commercial and popular decorative arts; there was no timeless blanket ban on the motif<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"odd\"><td>A peony image attracts money, promotion, or romance<\/td><td>It communicates a value or wish; it does not cause a real-world outcome<\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"even\"><td>Japanese or Western flower language explains Chinese art<\/td><td>Shared plants do not make separate cultural systems interchangeable<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"p1\">The national-flower point needs particular care because many English pages state it as fact. In a 2024 official reply reported by CCTV, China&#8217;s National Forestry and Grassland Administration said opinions remained too divided and the time was not mature for legal designation.<sup>[10]<\/sup> As of September 2026, peony&#8217;s extraordinary prestige is cultural, not the result of a national-flower law.<\/p><h2>How to Interpret or Use a Chinese Peony Symbol Correctly<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">Use this sequence for a museum object, antique-style pattern, wedding design, tattoo, or logo:<\/p><ol type=\"1\"><li>Identify the flower as far as the evidence allows. Separate mudan from shaoyao, but accept uncertainty in highly stylized work.<\/li><li>Establish the date. Tang court poetry, Song flower records, Ming tapestry, Qing porcelain, and modern illustration do not use one identical language.<\/li><li>Identify the medium and original function. Ask whether the object was made for scholarly viewing, court display, domestic decoration, a wedding, or ordinary trade.<\/li><li>Read the whole composition. Check for phoenixes, magnolia, crabapple, a vase, figures, inscriptions, and other clues before naming a rebus.<\/li><li>Choose the leading interpretation. Separate naturalistic study, seasonal art, decorative pattern, courtly display, and explicit auspicious composition.<\/li><li>Label modern adaptation honestly. A personal interpretation is valid as contemporary design, but it should not be presented as an ancient universal rule.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"p1\">In a museum, a lone bloom on a fan should lead you toward title, inscription, and artist before fortune symbolism. For a wedding, peony can support a wish for a flourishing household when the documented use and surrounding motifs establish that setting; it is not necessary to claim a supernatural effect. In a tattoo or logo, peony can express magnificence, confidence, prosperity, or admiration for Chinese decorative art. Colors and orientation remain design choices unless the chosen historical source gives them a specific role.<\/p><h2>FAQs About Peony Symbolism in Chinese Culture<\/h2><h3>Is the Peony China&#8217;s National Flower?<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">No. Peony is one of China&#8217;s most prestigious flowers and a leading national-flower candidate, but it has not been legally designated as the official national flower of the People&#8217;s Republic of China. A 2024 government reply said public views remained divided and the timing was not mature for a legal decision.<sup>[10]<\/sup><\/p><h3>Does the Peony Always Symbolize Wealth?<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">No. Wealth and rank are among peony&#8217;s strongest traditional associations, especially in courtly and later auspicious art. A naturalistic flower study, seasonal painting, or ornamental scroll may instead emphasize beauty, late spring, brushwork, or surface design. Date, medium, companions, and use decide which meaning leads.<\/p><h3>Does the Peony Symbolize Love or Marriage?<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">Only in an appropriate context. Peony can evoke feminine beauty, and on wedding objects it may add a wish for a beautiful and prosperous household. A single peony does not automatically mean romance. Look for a documented wedding function, paired figures or birds, inscriptions, or other established marriage motifs.<\/p><h3>Do Peony Colors Have Fixed Meanings?<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">No universal traditional chart assigns a permanent meaning to each peony color. Red, pink, white, purple, and yellow may matter within a particular painting, court palette, local custom, or modern event, but those readings cannot be transferred automatically to every Chinese artwork.<\/p><h3>What Does a Chinese Peony Tattoo Mean?<\/h3><p class=\"p1\">A modern peony tattoo may express magnificence, confidence, prosperity, beauty, or a personal connection with Chinese art. Adding a phoenix or another documented motif can create a more specific reference. There is no ancient peony-tattoo canon, fixed color or direction rule, or supernatural promise of wealth, promotion, or romance.<\/p><h2>Sources<\/h2><p class=\"p1\">[1] Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. <a href=\"https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/taxon\/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711877-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paeonia \u00d7 suffruticosa Andrews<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[2] The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/49456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Herbaceous Peony<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[3] Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/asia.si.edu\/explore-art-culture\/collections\/search\/edanmdm:fsg_F1901.172\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Peonies<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[4] Liu Yuxi. <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/zh-hans\/%E8%B3%9E%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9_%28%E5%8A%89%E7%A6%B9%E9%8C%AB%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Admiring the Peonies<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[5] Bai Juyi. <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/%E7%89%A1%E4%B8%B9%E8%8A%B3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Peony Flowers<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[6] Ouyang Xiu. <a href=\"https:\/\/ctext.org\/wiki.pl?chapter=712797&amp;if=gb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Record of the Peonies of Luoyang<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[7] Princeton University Art Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/artmuseum.princeton.edu\/art\/stories-perspectives\/collection-publications-chinese-flower-painting-reflections-glory-virtue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinese Flower Painting: Reflections of Glory, Virtue, and Humility<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[8] Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/asia.si.edu\/explore-art-culture\/collections\/search\/edanmdm:fsg_F1911.163s\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Phoenix among Rocks and Flowers<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[9] Palace Museum. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpm.org.cn\/collection\/ceramic\/227027.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bowl with Underglaze Blue and Overglaze Enamel Bird-and-Flower Design<\/a><\/p><p class=\"p1\">[10] CCTV News. <a href=\"https:\/\/news.cctv.com\/2024\/01\/31\/ARTIeQPd356dLmc6q16aIpC7240131.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Forestry and Grassland Administration: The Time Is Not Yet Mature to Designate Peony as China&#8217;s National Flower<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e86\u89e3\u7261\u4e39\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u5bcc\u8cb4\u8207\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u5510\u8a69\u3001\u9cf3\u51f0\u5716\u6848\u3001\u984f\u8272\u8ff7\u601d\u3001\u570b\u82b1\u5730\u4f4d\u53ca\u7d0b\u8eab\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[252],"tags":[255],"class_list":["post-3891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chinese-symbols-meanings","tag-flower-and-plant-symbolism"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3891","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3891"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3891\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3895,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3891\/revisions\/3895"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3891"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3891"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/zh_hk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3891"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}