{"id":21425,"date":"2026-11-14T09:24:33","date_gmt":"2026-11-14T09:24:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/?p=21425"},"modified":"2026-11-14T09:24:33","modified_gmt":"2026-11-14T09:24:33","slug":"sanlun-buddhism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/ja\/sanlun-buddhism\/","title":{"rendered":"Sanlun Buddhism: History, Images and Religious Context"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"tcjdi-quick-answer\"><h2>Quick Answer: What Is Sanlun Buddhism?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Sanlun Buddhism (\u4e09\u8bba\u5b97, S\u0101nl\u00f9n Z\u014dng) is a Chinese tradition of Madhyamaka, or Middle Way thought, named for three treatises translated into Chinese. The monk Jizang (\u5409\u85cf, J\u00edz\u00e0ng) became a major interpreter of their ideas.<sup>[1][2]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Texts:<\/strong> The Middle Treatise, Hundred Treatise and Twelve Gate Treatise form the core collection.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>Teaching:<\/strong> Jizang used the two truths (\u4e8c\u8c1b, \u00e8rd\u00ec) to challenge how people hold views.<sup>[3][4]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>Practice:<\/strong> The analysis asks what a claim helps us see and what we may wrongly assume from it.<sup>[3]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">The tradition took shape through the reading and explanation of specific books.<\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"tcjdi-infographic\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;margin:24px auto;text-align:center\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Sanlun-Buddhist-treatises-translations-and-Jizangs-teaching-of-the-two-truths.webp\" alt=\"Sanlun Buddhist treatises translations and Jizangs teaching of the two truths\" title=\"Sanlun Buddhist treatises translations and Jizangs teaching of the two truths\" width=\"1440\" height=\"2560\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:0 auto\" \/><figcaption>Sanlun Buddhist treatises translations and Jizangs teaching of the two truths<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">Sanlun Buddhism (\u4e09\u8bba\u5b97, S\u0101nl\u00f9n Z\u014dng) grew from Chinese study of Indian Buddhist argument. Its texts ask what it means to say that something exists and what such a statement can leave out. Chinese commentators used those questions as part of teaching.<\/p>\n<h2>Which Three Treatises Give Sanlun Its Name<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">The three works are the <em>Middle Treatise<\/em> (\u4e2d\u8bba, Zh\u014dng L\u00f9n), the <em>Hundred Treatise<\/em> (\u767e\u8bba, B\u01cei L\u00f9n) and the <em>Twelve Gate Treatise<\/em> (\u5341\u4e8c\u95e8\u8bba, Sh\u00ed\u2019\u00e8r M\u00e9n L\u00f9n). Their Chinese versions are associated with the circle of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/kumarajiva\/\">Kumarajiva<\/a>. The first and third are traditionally associated with Nagarjuna, and the second with Aryadeva. Chinese commentators used the three works as a related body of texts.<sup>[1][2]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>How Jizang Used the Two Truths<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Jizang (\u5409\u85cf, J\u00edz\u00e0ng, 549\u2013623) treated the two truths (\u4e8c\u8c1b, \u00e8rd\u00ec) as a way of teaching. Conventional language can describe a bridge and tell someone how to cross it. Reflection on its parts, builders and use shows how the named thing depends on conditions. The name still guides a traveler while the analysis loosens the assumption that the bridge has an independent nature.<sup>[3][4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The same method can correct the assumption that emptiness means nothing exists at all. That concern gives readers one point of contact with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/heart-sutra-in-chinese-culture\/\">Heart Sutra<\/a>, although Sanlun developed its own style of argument and commentary.<sup>[3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>Reading a Tradition Through Its Books<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Jizang wrote about the meaning of the three treatises and commented on the <em>Middle Treatise<\/em>. A manuscript title or a page in a later canon can identify the work, while the surrounding commentary can show how it was used. This distinction matters in the history of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-buddhist-sutra-printing\/\">Chinese Buddhist books<\/a>. A comparison with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/faxiang-buddhism\/\">Faxiang Buddhism<\/a> also shows how different Chinese traditions developed different commentarial traditions.<sup>[1][5]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>FAQs About Sanlun Buddhism<\/h2>\n<h3>What does Sanlun mean?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">It means three treatises and refers to the three Chinese texts at the center of the tradition.<\/p>\n<h3>Who was Jizang?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Jizang was a Chinese Buddhist monk and a major commentator in the Sanlun tradition. He lived from 549 to 623.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the role of the two truths in Sanlun?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Jizang\u2019s teaching they help people use ordinary language while examining the assumptions behind their claims.<\/p>\n<h2>Sources<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">[1] PhilPapers, edited by Chien-hsing Ho. <a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/browse\/the-three-treatise-school-of-chinese-buddhism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Three-Treatise School of Chinese Buddhism<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[2] Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de\/index.php\/jiabs\/article\/download\/9177\/3035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chinese Buddhist Three Treatise and Four Treatise Traditions<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[3] Hong Kong Baptist University. <a href=\"https:\/\/scholars.hkbu.edu.hk\/en\/publications\/ipoi-jizangs-negations-in-the-four-levels-of-the-twofold-truth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Po: Jizang\u2019s Negations in the Four Levels of the Twofold Truth<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[4] Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11712-011-9263-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Chien-hsing Ho, The Nonduality of Speech and Silence<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[5] Austrian Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oeaw.ac.at\/fileadmin\/Institute\/IKGA\/PDF\/events\/Madhyamaka_in_South_Asia_and_Beyond_-_Abstracts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Madhyamaka in South Asia and Beyond, abstracts<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understand Sanlun Buddhism through the Three Treatises, Kumarajiva\u2019s translations and Jizang\u2019s use of the two truths to teach the Middle Way.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21426,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[361],"tags":[363,362,351],"class_list":["post-21425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-religion-beliefs","tag-hub-religion-in-china","tag-religious-traditions","tag-ritual-culture"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand Sanlun Buddhism through the Three Treatises, Kumarajiva\u2019s translations and Jizang\u2019s use of the two truths to teach the Middle Way.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Anthony\"\/>\n\t<meta name=\"yandex-verification\" content=\"a48113a626715129\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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