{"id":14576,"date":"2026-11-11T03:36:03","date_gmt":"2026-11-11T03:36:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/?p=14576"},"modified":"2026-11-11T03:36:03","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T03:36:03","slug":"lijia-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/ja\/lijia-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Lijia System: Household Groups and Service in Ming China"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"tcjdi-quick-answer\"><h2>Quick Answer: What Was the Lijia System?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">The lijia system (\u91cc\u7532\u5236, l\u01d0ji\u01cezh\u00ec) organized registered Ming households for tax collection and public service. The Hongwu court introduced it in 1381. A li (\u91cc, l\u01d0) was the larger unit. A jia (\u7532, ji\u01ce) was a group within it. Responsibilities passed among households over a rotation.<sup>[1][2][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Standard group:<\/strong> The Ming model put 110 households in one li.<sup>[1][3]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>Rotation:<\/strong> Ten leading households were designated to provide leadership in turn.<sup>[1][2][3]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>Records:<\/strong> Yellow Registers (\u9ec3\u518a, hu\u00e1ngc\u00e8) helped officials assign taxes and service.<sup>[2][3]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">The 110-household figure describes the prescribed model. Surviving local records show groups of other sizes and arrangements that changed over time.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"tcjdi-infographic\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;margin:24px auto;text-align:center\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Lijia-system-infographic-on-Ming-household-groups-rotation-and-tax-records.webp\" alt=\"Lijia system infographic on Ming household groups rotation and tax records\" title=\"How the Ming Lijia System Organized Households\" width=\"1440\" height=\"2560\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:0 auto\" \/><figcaption>The Ming model divided household groups and rotated service, while local records show variations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">A county could ask one household to coordinate duties in a given year, then call on another the next year. The Ming system put that changing responsibility inside a group whose membership officials tried to track over a longer cycle.<sup>[1][2][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>How the 110-Household Model Worked<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Ming design set apart ten leading households from the 110 in a li. Officials considered resources such as taxable adult males and grain holdings when identifying them. The other hundred households formed ten groups of ten. In the prescribed rotation, one leading household took its turn as li head (\u91cc\u9577, l\u01d0zh\u01ceng), while the relevant household group served with its own jia head (\u7532\u9996, ji\u01cesh\u01d2u).<sup>[1][2][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The arrangement gave the county identifiable intermediaries. They helped organize collection and service duties in their units. The prescribed sequence put better-resourced households earlier in the cycle. Taking turns distributed the work across years while allowing officials to assign different positions to households with different resources. The system helps explain how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-magistrates\/\">Chinese magistrates<\/a> reached beyond the staff in a county office.<sup>[1][3][4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>What the Yellow Registers Did<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Yellow Registers recorded households and information used in assessing taxes and service. The Ming collected statutes describe a ten-year compilation cycle. That cycle concerns when the registers were made or revised. The annual change in the group that served was a separate rhythm.<sup>[1][2][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A register could preserve the official arrangement even when families, property or labor resources changed. To understand how a county managed the system, compare the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/household-registration-in-chinese-history\/\">household registration<\/a> rules with documents from a particular locality. A formal unit may describe who owed a duty without fully describing who lived together at a given time.<sup>[1][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>What Yingtian Records Show About Local Practice<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Historian Huang Ch\u2019ing-lien compared local records from Yingtian (\u61c9\u5929, Y\u00ecngti\u0101n) Prefecture, the area around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/ming-nanjing-urban-culture\/\">Ming Nanjing<\/a>. Average sizes above 110 households were common in the prefecture, while some county figures fell below that standard. In Shangyuan, the 1391 records yielded an average of about 101 households per li. That average characterizes the recorded units for one place and date. The count of any individual group could differ.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The locality also mattered to the names in a document. Records can use the label fang (\u574a, f\u0101ng) for an urban unit and xiang (\u5ec2, xi\u0101ng) for one in a suburban area. A reader should identify where a term was used and which larger unit it described before treating it as a village of a fixed size.<sup>[1][4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>How Lijia Differed From Baojia<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">The label baojia (\u4fdd\u7532, b\u01ceoji\u01ce) also described grouping households. In the regulations discussed here, its principal focus was local policing and mutual oversight. The Ming lijia arrangement emphasized taxes and service. The work of such units could overlap in practice, so the institutional name and the duties listed in a local source both matter.<sup>[3][4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Over time, changes in fiscal administration reduced the usefulness of the early Ming model. Some names and groupings continued after their original duties had changed. A later reference to a li or jia is therefore evidence of a local administrative term. The surrounding document helps identify its actual role.<sup>[1][3][4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>FAQs About the Lijia System<\/h2>\n<h3>Did a li always contain 110 households?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">That was the official model. Huang\u2019s Yingtian research found county averages above and below 110, depending on place and date.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>Did every household serve in the same year?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">The model rotated service. Leading households supplied the li head in turn, with groups of other households taking their own turns.<sup>[1][2][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>Was lijia still used unchanged under the Qing?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Local units and names could survive. Qing tax reforms changed what officials needed from household groups and shifted important levies onto land.<sup>[3][4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>Sources<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">[1] Huang Ch\u2019ing-lien, Academia Sinica. <a href=\"https:\/\/www11.ihp.sinica.edu.tw\/storage\/w2_file\/3536NzukvnI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Li-Chia System in Ming Times and Its Operation in Ying-t\u2019ien Prefecture<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[2] Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty, translated by Leif Littrup. <a href=\"https:\/\/knit.ucsd.edu\/minghistoryinenglish\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2017\/08\/DMHD-20-trans-Leif-Littrup-to-post-permission-granted.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Population and the Yellow Registers<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[3] Richard von Glahn, in Registration and Recognition. <a href=\"https:\/\/wiser.wits.ac.za\/sites\/default\/files\/Breckenridge%20and%20Szreter%20-%202012%20-%20Registration%20and%20Recognition%20%20Documenting%20the%20Per.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Household Registration, Property Rights, and Social Obligations in Imperial China<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[4] National Chi Nan University, Ming history research site. <a href=\"https:\/\/ming.cnhis.ncnu.edu.tw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/10\/Pp01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The extension of Ming state power into local society<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>See how the Ming lijia system grouped households for taxes and service, why duty rotated annually, and what Yingtian records show about the 110-household model.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14577,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[356],"tags":[295,359,358],"class_list":["post-14576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-civilization","tag-cultural-history","tag-historical-society","tag-hub-chinese-history"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"See how the Ming lijia system grouped households for taxes and service, why duty rotated annually, and what Yingtian records show about the 110-household model.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Anthony\"\/>\n\t<meta name=\"yandex-verification\" content=\"a48113a626715129\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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