{"id":15108,"date":"2026-11-11T03:39:11","date_gmt":"2026-11-11T03:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/?p=15108"},"modified":"2026-11-11T03:39:11","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T03:39:11","slug":"ma-chao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/id\/ma-chao\/","title":{"rendered":"Ma Chao: From Tong Pass to Service Under Liu Bei"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"tcjdi-quick-answer\"><h2>Quick Answer: Who Was Ma Chao?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Ma Chao (\u9a6c\u8d85, M\u01ce Ch\u0101o, died 222 CE) was a military commander in the years when the Han empire broke apart. He fought at Tong Pass (\u6f7c\u5173, T\u00f3nggu\u0101n) and later became a general under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/liu-bei\/\">Liu Bei<\/a> (\u5218\u5907, Li\u00fa B\u00e8i).<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Western command:<\/strong> He took over troops formerly led by his father, Ma Teng (\u9a6c\u817e, M\u01ce T\u00e9ng).<sup>[3]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>Tong Pass:<\/strong> He joined Han Sui (\u97e9\u9042, H\u00e1n Su\u00ec) and other western commanders against <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/cao-cao\/\">Cao Cao<\/a> (\u66f9\u64cd, C\u00e1o C\u0101o) in 211.<sup>[2]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>New allegiance:<\/strong> He joined Liu Bei during the campaign that ended with Chengdu\u2019s surrender.<sup>[6]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">The historical account and the later novel give different sequences for the battle and Ma Teng\u2019s death.<\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"tcjdi-infographic\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;margin:24px auto;text-align:center\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Ma-Chao-timeline-from-western-command-to-joining-Liu-Bei.webp\" alt=\"Ma Chao timeline from western command to joining Liu Bei\" title=\"Ma Chao timeline from western command to joining Liu Bei\" width=\"1440\" height=\"2560\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:0 auto\" \/><figcaption>Four stations trace Ma Chao\u2019s western command, defeat at Tong Pass and change of allegiance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">Ma Chao\u2019s later rank at Liu Bei\u2019s court can obscure the years he spent commanding a force of his own. He first emerged from the regional armies of the late Han. The collapse of his western position brought him south into the campaign that gave Liu Bei a base in Sichuan.<\/p>\n<h2>Why Ma Chao Fought at Tong Pass<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">When Ma Teng took a post at the Han court, Ma Chao remained in the west in command of his father\u2019s troops. Ma Teng and Han Sui had alternated between cooperation and rivalry. In 211 their families\u2019 past quarrels did not prevent Ma Chao from joining Han Sui against a stronger opponent.<sup>[3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Cao Cao\u2019s biography says that western commanders feared an expedition ordered against Hanzhong might be directed at them. They organized a coalition and faced Cao Cao at Tong Pass. Cao Cao defeated their forces, and Ma Chao withdrew west.<sup>[2]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>How Ma Chao Entered Liu Bei\u2019s Service<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Ma Chao rebuilt a position for a time in the northwest. Local resistance drove him out, and he took refuge with Zhang Lu (\u5f20\u9c81, Zh\u0101ng L\u01d4) in Hanzhong. He then sought to enter Liu Bei\u2019s service while Liu Bei was campaigning against Liu Zhang (\u5218\u748b, Li\u00fa Zh\u0101ng) in 214.<sup>[6]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Chen Shou\u2019s account places Ma\u2019s arrival outside Chengdu shortly before Liu Zhang surrendered. The city was already under pressure from Liu Bei\u2019s campaign. In the years that followed, Ma received senior rank in the regime later called Shu-Han (\u8700\u6c49, Sh\u01d4 H\u00e0n).<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>How the Novel Changed Ma Chao\u2019s Story<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/romance-three-kingdoms\/\"><em>Romance of the Three Kingdoms<\/em><\/a>, Ma learns of his father\u2019s death and takes up arms against Cao Cao. That sequence presents the campaign as a son\u2019s act of vengeance.<sup>[5]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The historical records put the battle in 211 and the execution of Ma Teng in 212. The historical sequence puts Ma Teng\u2019s death after the coalition\u2019s defeat.<sup>[2][4]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The historical tradition also contains stories its own editors questioned. Pei Songzhi challenged an anecdote about Ma meeting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/guan-yu-guan-gong\/\">Guan Yu<\/a> in Sichuan. Guan Yu was stationed in Jing Province during Liu Bei\u2019s campaign, and Pei used that detail to test the account.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>FAQs About Ma Chao<\/h2>\n<h3>Who Was Ma Chao\u2019s Father?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Ma Teng was a commander in the western regions of the late Han. He later held an office at court while Ma Chao led his former troops.<sup>[3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>Was Ma Chao One of the Five Tiger Generals?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Yes, in the familiar literary grouping. The earlier history groups Ma with Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun in one chapter and gives each a separate career.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h3>When Did Ma Chao Die?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Chen Shou places his death in the second year of Liu Bei\u2019s Zhangwu reign, 222 CE.<sup>[1]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>Sources<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">[1] Chen Shou, with notes by Pei Songzhi. <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/zh-hant\/\u4e09\u570b\u5fd7\/\u537736\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Records of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Ma Chao<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[2] Chen Shou. <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/wiki\/\u4e09\u570b\u5fd7\/\u537701\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Records of the Three Kingdoms, Annals of Cao Cao<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[3] Chen Shou. <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/zh-hant\/\u4e09\u570b\u5fd7\/\u537706\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Records of the Three Kingdoms, Accounts of Ma Teng and Han Sui<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[4] Sima Guang. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qj.hk\/jingdian\/book\/164\/5870.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Han Annals 58<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[5] Luo Guanzhong. <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/zh-hant\/\u4e09\u570b\u6f14\u7fa9\/\u7b2c058\u56de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chapter 58<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[6] 3KDEX. <a href=\"https:\/\/3kdex.com\/en\/factions\/ma-chao\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ma Chao\u2019s Faction and the Historical Sources<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Follow Ma Chao from his western command and the Battle of Tong Pass to Liu Bei\u2019s court, and compare the history with the novel.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15109,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[356],"tags":[295,370,377],"class_list":["post-15108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-civilization","tag-cultural-history","tag-historical-figures","tag-hub-chinese-historical-figures"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Follow Ma Chao from his western command and the Battle of Tong Pass to Liu Bei\u2019s court, and compare the history with the novel.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Anthony\"\/>\n\t<meta name=\"yandex-verification\" content=\"a48113a626715129\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/id\/ma-chao\/\" 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