{"id":21345,"date":"2026-11-14T09:24:20","date_gmt":"2026-11-14T09:24:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/?p=21345"},"modified":"2026-11-14T09:24:20","modified_gmt":"2026-11-14T09:24:20","slug":"eighteen-luohan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/es\/eighteen-luohan\/","title":{"rendered":"Eighteen Luohan: History, Images and Religious Context"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"tcjdi-quick-answer\"><h2>Quick Answer: Who Are the Eighteen Luohan?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Eighteen Luohan (\u5341\u516b\u7f57\u6c49, Sh\u00edb\u0101 Lu\u00f3h\u00e0n) are a group of Buddhist sages depicted in Chinese temples and art. A luohan (\u7f57\u6c49, lu\u00f3h\u00e0n), or arhat, is someone who has reached liberation. Chinese artists also made groups of sixteen and five hundred.<sup>[1][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sixteen:<\/strong> An early account assigns them the task of protecting the Buddhist teaching.<sup>[2][3]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>Eighteen:<\/strong> Chinese traditions added two to the older group. Their names differ among sources.<sup>[4]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<li><strong>In art:<\/strong> Count the figures and look at labels, animals or other attributes before assigning names.<sup>[5]<\/sup> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">An artist can make eighteen figures unmistakable as a group while leaving individual identities open.<\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"tcjdi-infographic\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;margin:24px auto;text-align:center\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/Sixteen-and-Eighteen-Luohan-groups-and-clues-for-identifying-Buddhist-arhat-images.webp\" alt=\"Sixteen and Eighteen Luohan groups and clues for identifying Buddhist arhat images\" title=\"Sixteen and Eighteen Luohan groups and clues for identifying Buddhist arhat images\" width=\"1440\" height=\"2560\" style=\"width:500px;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:0 auto\" \/><figcaption>Sixteen and Eighteen Luohan groups and clues for identifying Buddhist arhat images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">The Eighteen Luohan (\u5341\u516b\u7f57\u6c49, Sh\u00edb\u0101 Lu\u00f3h\u00e0n) may line a temple hall or surround a central figure on a cliff. Each luohan (\u7f57\u6c49, lu\u00f3h\u00e0n) can have a different expression, pose or companion. Those differences help a viewer move from the group\u2019s religious role to the subject of a particular image.<\/p>\n<h2>The Text Behind the Group of Sixteen<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">A text attributed to the arhat Nandimitra came into Chinese in a translation by the seventh-century pilgrim <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/xuanzang\/\">Xuanzang<\/a>. Its sixteen arhats preserve the Buddhist teaching until the appearance of the future Buddha, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/maitreya-mile\/\">Maitreya<\/a>. Their shared duty gives the group a religious purpose beyond the achievements of the individual sages.<sup>[2][3]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>Why Some Chinese Sets Have Eighteen<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Artists and writers in China expanded the sixteen into groups of eighteen. The Song writer Su Shi identified the additions as Nandimitra and Pindola. Other authors proposed different pairs. In the Qing court, the Qianlong emperor\u2019s versions included the Dragon-Taming Luohan (\u964d\u9f99\u7f57\u6c49, Xi\u00e1ngl\u00f3ng Lu\u00f3h\u00e0n) and the Tiger-Taming Luohan (\u4f0f\u864e\u7f57\u6c49, F\u00fah\u01d4 Lu\u00f3h\u00e0n). Dragons and tigers also appear with arhats in other groups, so the animals alone cannot establish the roster.<sup>[4][5]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>Reading the Figures at Feilaifeng<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Southern Song niche 68 at Feilaifeng (\u98de\u6765\u5cf0, F\u0113il\u00e1if\u0113ng) in Hangzhou, eighteen figures flank a large seated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/budai-laughing-buddha\/\">Budai<\/a>. The artists worked with the contours of the rock to overlap figures and suggest a mountain gathering. There are no individual name inscriptions. A dragon or a scepter can help distinguish some figures without settling the entire roster. The setting is a reminder to read a group of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/chinese-cave-temple-art\/\">cave temple figures<\/a> as a composition as well as a collection of individuals.<sup>[5]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Paintings could organize the same subject differently. A Qing leaf in the Freer collection puts arhat imagery in ink on gold paper. An album lets the viewer encounter the figures one page at a time.<sup>[6]<\/sup> <\/p>\n<h2>FAQs About the Eighteen Luohan<\/h2>\n<h3>Does a set always contain the same eighteen names?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">The older sixteen provide a foundation for the group. Traditions differ on the identities of the two additions.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the difference between a luohan and an arhat?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Luohan is the usual short Chinese form of the Sanskrit term arhat. Both refer here to a Buddhist sage who has attained liberation.<\/p>\n<h3>Does a tiger prove the figure is one of eighteen?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">The animal helps identify a subject or an episode. Check the full group and any inscriptions before inferring how many figures belonged to the original set.<\/p>\n<h2>Sources<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">[1] The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/42188\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seated Luohan (Arhat) in a Grotto<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[2] The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/resources.metmuseum.org\/resources\/metpublications\/pdf\/Defining_Yongle_Imperial_Art_in_Early_Fifteenth_Century_China.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Defining Yongle: Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth-Century China<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[3] Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/asia.si.edu\/explore-art-culture\/collections\/search\/edanmdm%3Afsg_F1911.314\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Luohan and a Demon<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[4] Palace Museum Journal. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zangx.com\/uploads\/ueditor\/file\/20221108\/1667872817.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Zhang Changhong, Names and Images in Arhat Paintings Named by the Qianlong Emperor, Part Two<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[5] Southeast Review of Asian Studies. <a href=\"https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/document?doi=87f5ecc5c54f71f918c4a611df3751b1db66dca9&amp;repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Qing Chang, Indigenizing Deities: The Budai Maitreya and the Group of Eighteen Luohans in Niche No. 68 at Feilaifeng<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[6] Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art. <a href=\"https:\/\/asia-archive.si.edu\/object\/F1909.251m\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eighteen Luohan, F1909.251m<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn who the Eighteen Luohan are, how Chinese traditions expanded an older group of sixteen, and how to read arhat figures in temple art.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21346,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[361],"tags":[363,362,351],"class_list":["post-21345","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-religion-beliefs","tag-hub-religion-in-china","tag-religious-traditions","tag-ritual-culture"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn who the Eighteen Luohan are, how Chinese traditions expanded an older group of sixteen, and how to read arhat figures in temple art.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Anthony\"\/>\n\t<meta name=\"yandex-verification\" content=\"a48113a626715129\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/es\/eighteen-luohan\/\" 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11:54:26","created":"2026-11-14 03:50:14","updated":"2026-11-14 11:54:26","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/es\/\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/es\/category\/religion-beliefs\/\" title=\"Religion &amp; Beliefs\">Religion &amp; Beliefs<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tEighteen Luohan: History, Images and Religious Context\n<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/es\/"},{"label":"Religion &amp; Beliefs","link":"https:\/\/www.chinaculturepro.com\/es\/category\/religion-beliefs\/"},{"label":"Eighteen Luohan: History, Images and Religious 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